Its real-time representativity, in particular, may detect emerging problems in a timely manner and drive appropriate interventions to limit intentional overdose deaths. The dosage information, when enough data are gathered and accurately cleaned, may also be useful in estimating real-world LDs. Our methodology may therefore be applied to the FAERS to investigate more specific emerging problems. It could also be applied to other, more representative databases to gain a better insight on specific countries or regions.

Eight studies reported the association between AUD and suicidal ideation, 15 studies reported the association between AUD and suicide attempt, and 14 studies reported the association between AUD and completed suicide. Some cohort studies reported RR and some others as well as the case-control and cross-sectional studies reported OR. A suicidal ideation is “thinking about, considering, or planning for suicide” 16.

Availability of data and material

Note that these previous studies of completed suicide have consisted of samples from general populations, typically through the use of large registries. In a final study, Greiner and Pokorny22 examined associations between the Christmas holiday and completed suicide among a cohort of 4,800 psychiatric patients. Their findings also indicated a decrease in death by suicide in the days before the Christmas holiday. Military personnel have higher rates of both suicide and alcohol use.

Recognizing risk

1. A large group of suicide attempters in Poland in 1999–2020 were under the influence of alcohol, but since 2017 there has been a steady decline in the number of suicide deaths under the influence of alcohol.
2. Drugs from the pain cluster showed an important role in fatal DSPs (oxycodone, 60.8% of fatalities), because of both their lethality and their potential for abuse, but plausibly also for resistant pain as a risk factor for committing suicide 49.
3. Another significant factor is alcohol use, which can influence mental health and suicidal behaviour.
4. Anxiolytics and opioids played a less important role in DSP compared with previous findings 10.

Over three-quarters of Canadians drink alcohol, so either you drink or know someone who does. As Canadians weigh the pros and cons of adopting the new drinking guidelines, they should be thinking not just about the risks to their physical health, but also to their mental health. There are well-established links between alcohol and cancer, heart disease and violence. Alcohol also undermines mental health, with links to depression and anxiety. However, more investigation is required before making any statements on the link between alcohol and suicide. Even when the person is unconscious or stops drinking, the stomach and intestines continue to release alcohol into the bloodstream, and the level of alcohol in the body continues to rise.

You may worry about what will happen to you or a friend or family member, especially if underage. But the results of not getting help in time can be far more serious. Conceptualization—A.S.; validation—A.S.; formal analysis—A.S.; resources—A.S., writing—original draft preparation—A.S., A.K.

Associated Data

Alcohol in the form of ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, is in alcoholic beverages. It’s also in mouthwash, some cooking extracts, some medicines and certain household products. Ethyl alcohol poisoning generally results from drinking too many alcoholic beverages in a short period of time. Alcohol poisoning is a serious — and sometimes deadly — result of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Drinking too much too quickly can affect breathing, heart rate, body temperature and gag reflex. The results of assessing risk of bias of the included studies are given in Table 1 based on the Newcastle Ottawa Statement Manual.

In other countries, hydrogen sulfide and helium are used for suicide purposes (e.g., Japan) 4. A large body of research has focused on the demographics of suicide victims, the methods people use to take their own lives, and the means of prevention. It is well known that traumatic deaths are common in male victims, whereas females prefer less violent deaths and less fatal means, although this depends on age, nationality, and mental health status 1, 6, 50. Most reported drug classes were antidepressants (14.0%), analgesics (11.0%), and antipsychotics (10.0%).

In the case of the Statistics Poland, data were updated from the death records, and suicide attempts are not reported at all. Such a situation results in significant discrepancies in the reported data, which do not reflect the actual situation and require the development of an optimal form of their registration, enabling reliable data. The analysis does not include the ICD-10 code X84 “Intentional self-harm by unspecified means”, which could involve poisoning suicide attempts.

Suspected drugs were mainly antidepressants, analgesics, and antipsychotics. Multiple drug intake was recorded in more than 50% of the reports, especially analgesics, psychotropics, and cardiovascular agents. The most frequently reported drugs were paracetamol, promethazine, amlodipine, quetiapine, and metformin. We retrieved cases of ‘intentional overdose’ and ‘poisoning deliberate’ from the FAERS (January 2004–December 2021). Using descriptive and disproportionality analyses, we Cocaine Abuse & Addiction estimated temporal trends, potential risk factors, toxidromes, case-fatality rates and lethal doses (LDs) for the most frequently reported drugs.

　

　

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